Aonchotheca putorii

Aonchotheca putorii

<p align="CENTER"><span style="font-size: large;"><i><b>Aonchotheca putorii</b></i></span><span style="font-size: large;"><b> (Rudolphi, 1819) López-Neyra, 1947</b></span></p> <p align="CENTER"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>(Figure 4-59)</b></span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>ETYMOLOGY: </b></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>a</i></span><span style="font-size: medium;"> = un + </span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>oncho</i></span><span style="font-size: medium;"> = spined + </span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>theca</i></span><span style="font-size: medium;"> = sheath (referring to the unspined sheathe on the spicule of the male) and </span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>putorii</i></span><span style="font-size: medium;"> for the original isolation from a ferret.</span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>SYNONYMS:</b></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Trichosoma</i></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>putorii</i></span><span style="font-size: medium;"> Rudolphi, 1819; </span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Trichosoma</i></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>erinacei</i></span><span style="font-size: medium;"> Rudolphi, 1819; </span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Trichosomum</i></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>exigua</i></span><span style="font-size: medium;"> Dujardin, 1845; </span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Trichosomum</i></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>entomelas</i></span><span style="font-size: medium;"> Dujardin, 1845; </span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Calodium</i></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>alatum</i></span><span style="font-size: medium;"> Molin, 1858; </span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Capillaria</i></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>erinacea</i></span><span style="font-size: medium;"> (Rudolphi, 1819) Travassos, 1915; </span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Capillaria</i></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>mustelorum</i></span><span style="font-size: medium;"> Cameron &amp; Parnell, 1933; </span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Capillaria</i></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>putorii</i></span><span style="font-size: medium;"> (Rudolphi, 1819) Travassos, 1915.</span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>HISTORY:</b></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Aonchotheca</i></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>putorii</i></span><span style="font-size: medium;"> was first described by Rudolphi in 1819 as </span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Trichosoma</i></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>putorii</i></span><span style="font-size: medium;"> from the stomach of a ferret, </span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Mustela</i></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>putorius</i></span><span style="font-size: medium;">. Butterworth and Beverley-Burton (1980) felt that </span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Capillaria</i></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>erinacei</i></span><span style="font-size: medium;"> of the European hedgehog and </span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Capillaria</i></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>mustelorum</i></span><span style="font-size: medium;"> of weasel in Scotland were synonymous with the species recovered from ferrets.</span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION:</b></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Aonchotheca</i></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>putorii</i></span><span style="font-size: medium;"> has been reported from domestic cats in Europe, North America, and New Zealand (Butterworth and Beverley-Burton (1980. </span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Aonchotheca</i></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>putorii</i></span><span style="font-size: medium;"> is a common parasite of the stomach and small intestine of such wild mammals as bobcats, racoons, mink, and various other mustelids (Butterworth and Beverly-Burton, 1980; Campbell, 1991).</span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>LOCATION IN HOST:</b></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Aonchotheca</i></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>putorii</i></span><span style="font-size: medium;"> is usually observed in the gastric mucus, but some descriptions note its occurrence in the small intestine. In the Iowa report, the parasites were found in the gastric mucus, but only on occasions where there had been intestinal reflux (Greive and Kung, 1983). Butterworth and Beverley-Burton (1980) found that the worms lived within the gastric mucosa and were easiest to identify in tissues when the mucosal surface was washed with 1% aqueous methylene blue which gave the tissues a light blue appearance and made the unstained worms easier to visualize.</span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>IDENTIFICATION: </b></span><span style="font-size: medium;">Particular morphologic details of adult </span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Aonchotheca</i></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>putorii</i></span><span style="font-size: medium;"> are influenced by the definitive hosts which they parasitize. In the feline, the male stomach capillarids range in size from 2.52 to 5.29 mm (average 3.97 mm); the females range in size from 3.46 to 7.40 mm (average 5.04 mm). The gastric capillarids recovered from cats in New Zealand were approximately 8 mm in length (Collins and Charleston, 1972). The width at the posterior end of the stichosome of the male is from 24 to 38 μm (average 29) while that of the female is from 24 to 38 μm (average 33.4). The maximum width of the male ranges from 31 to 41 μm (average 33); that of the female is 34 to 51 μm (average 41.4). The distance from the vulva to the anterior end in the female is 2.01 to 3.18 μm (average 2.48). The vulvar flap of </span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Aonchotheca</i></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>putorii</i></span><span style="font-size: medium;"> may or may not be covered by a cuticular flap; instead, the vulva is surrounded by varying amounts of corrugation. The males demonstrate a characteristic structure of the tip of the spicule and a distinct form of the lateral and caudal alae (Greve and Kung, 1983). The spicule length in the male is from 162 to 276 μm with an average length of 211 μm. The characteristic of this genus which allows easiest identification of these worms is the lack of spices on the cirrus, or spicular sheathe, which surrounds the spicule. </span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size: medium;"> The egg length of this capillarid is from 57 to 66 μm (average 61.3); the egg width is from 21 to 28 μm (average 23.3). The eggs are characterized by having a dark shell with thickened ridges on their surfaces (Fig. 4-59).</span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>LIFE CYCLE:</b></span><span style="font-size: medium;"> It has been postulated that the New Zealand cats became infected by ingesting infective eggs of </span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Aonchotheca</i></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>putorii</i></span><span style="font-size: medium;"> from soil contaminated with hedgehog feces. These capillarids reach maturity in the stomachs of cats and dogs as well as in hedgehogs (Collins, 1973).</span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND PATHOGENESIS:</b></span><span style="font-size: medium;"> Until the reports by Curtsinger et al. (1993), the pathogenicity of </span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Aonchotheca</i></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>putorii</i></span><span style="font-size: medium;"> in domestic cats was not known (Greve and Kung, 1983). It had not been associated with clinical illness in cats in the United States, but a European report documented it as a cause of feline gastritis (Wagner, 1936).</span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size: medium;"> There are few reports on the clinical presentation of infection in cats with this parasite. One domestic cat presented with a 3-week history of partial anorexia and intermittent passage of bloody vomitus and tarry feces (Curtsinger </span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>et al</i></span><span style="font-size: medium;">., 1993). . Physical examination revealed lethargy, dehydration, pale mucus membranes and signs of pain when the cranial portion of the abdomen was palpated. A complete blood cell count revealed a normocytic, normochromic anemia. Serum biochemistry tests revealed hyperglycemia, hypocalcemia, and hypokalemia. Multiple fecal examinations were negative. Contrast radiography revealed delayed gastric emptying. Exploratory laparotomy revealed a 0.5 cm diameter perforation in the caudal aspect of the pylorus. There were adhesions between the pylorus and the surrounding structures Histology of gastric tissue obtained by gastroduodenoscopy showed chronic, hyperplastic pyloric gastritis, dilation of numerous pyloric glands, regions of superficial mucosal fibrosis, and perforation of an ulcer in the caudal aspect of the pylorus. Adult nematodes, identified as </span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Aonchotheca</i></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>putorii</i></span><span style="font-size: medium;">, and their eggs were observed in the pyloric mucosa, near the perforation. The nematodes in tissue sections were between 26 and 40 mm in diameter. Some contained a linear arrangement of yellow-brown operculated eggs. The worms were surrounded by mucus that contained many red blood cells and a few neutrophils. Some parasites were observed in the lamina propria of the mucosae. Smaller worms ranging in size from 15 to 24 mm (hypothesized to be larvae) were noted in the deeper layers of the mucosa, within glandular lumens, and between the basement membrane and the epithelial cells of the glands. Regions of cellular necrosis and regeneration surrounded the worms. Eggs were noted in the pyloric mucus and in the lumens of the pyloric glands. </span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>TREATMENT: </b></span><span style="font-size: medium;">When an infected cat was treated with levamisole (2 doses: 7.5 mg/kg at 2-week intervals, the first dose split 12 hours apart and the second dose given singly), eggs of </span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Aonchotheca</i></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>putorii</i></span><span style="font-size: medium;"> disappeared from the feces (Greve and Kung, 1983). </span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size: medium;"> Curtsinger </span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">et</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">al</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;">. (1993) administered ivermectin (300mg/kg BW)</span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i> per os</i></span><span style="font-size: medium;"> one week following surgery and again two weeks later. </span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>EPIZOOTIOLOGY:</b></span><span style="font-size: medium;"> Infected cats may serve as carriers. The exact role of wild animals in the epizootiology of gastric capillariasis has not been studied.</span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>HAZARDS TO OTHER ANIMALS: </b></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Aonchotheca</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">putorii</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"> has been recorded from the American black bear, European hedgehog, racoon, swine, bobcat, and a variety of mustelids. Such a broad host range is typical for many capillarid species. Cross transmission is possible from host to host (Collins, 1973, Greve and Kung, 1983).</span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>HAZARDS TO HUMANS: </b></span><span style="font-size: medium;">There have been no reports of cross transmission of </span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Aonchotheca</i></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>putorii</i></span><span style="font-size: medium;"> to humans. </span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>CONTROL/PREVENTION:</b></span><span style="font-size: medium;"> Infection results from ingestion of soil contaminated by feces containing infective eggs. These feces could come from a variety of definitive hosts. Cats should not be allowed to roam freely.</span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>LITERATURE CITED</b></span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size: medium;">Butterworth EW, Beverley-Burton M. 1980. The taxonomy of </span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Capillaria</i></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>spp</i></span><span style="font-size: medium;"> (Nematoda: Trichuridea) in carnivorous mammals from Ontario, Canada. Sys Parasitol 1:211-236.</span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size: medium;">Cameron &amp; Parnell, 1933</span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size: medium;">Campbell BG. 1991. </span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Trichuris</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"> and other trichinelloid nematodes of dogs and cats in the United States. Comp Cont Ed Pract Vet 13:769-779, 801.</span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size: medium;">Curtsinger DK, Carpenter JL, and Turner JL. 1993. Gastritis caused by </span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Aonchotheca</i></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>putorii</i></span><span style="font-size: medium;"> in a domestic cat. J Am Vet Med Assoc 203:1153-1154. </span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size: medium;">Collins GH. 1973. A limited survey of gastro-intestinal helminths of dogs and cats. NZ Vet J 21:175-176. </span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size: medium;">Collins GH and Charleston WAG. 1972. </span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Ollulanus</i></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>tricuspis</i></span><span style="font-size: medium;"> and </span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Capillaria</i></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>putorii</i></span><span style="font-size: medium;"> in New Zealand cats. NZ Vet J 20:82. </span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size: medium;">Greve JH and Kung FY. 1983. </span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Capillaria</i></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>putorii</i></span><span style="font-size: medium;"> in domestic cats in Iowa. J Am Vet Med Assoc 182:511-513. </span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size: medium;">López-Neyra CR. 1947. Los capillariinae. Memorias de la R. Academia de Ciencias exactas, físicas y naturales de Madrid 12:248 pp.</span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size: medium;">Rudolphi KA. 1819. Entozoorum synopsis cui accedunt mantissa duplex et indices locupletissimi. Berlin:813 pp.</span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size: medium;">Travasso</span><span style="font-size: medium;">s, 1915</span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size: medium;">Wagner O. 1936. Beitrage zu einer Revision der Nematoden-Gattungen </span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Capillaria</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;">, </span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Hepaticola</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;">, und </span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Eucoleus</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;">. Senckenbergiana 18(5,6):245-269. </span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><b>FIGURES</b></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Figure 4-59</b></span><span style="font-size: medium;">. </span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Aonchotheca</i></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>purtorii</i></span><span style="font-size: medium;">. Two views of the same egg of this worm. The top view shows the surface of the egg with its deep striations. The bottom view shows how the egghell appears to have a rough surface at midsection (Illustration courtesy of Dr. Barry Campbell).</span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"></p>