Cylicospirura subaequalis

Cylicospirura subaequalis

<p align="CENTER"><span style="font-size: large;"><i><b>Cylicospirura subaequalis</b></i></span><span style="font-size: large;"><b> (Molin, 1860) Vevers, 1922</b></span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>ETYMOLOGY:</b></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Spiro</i></span><span style="font-size: medium;"> = coiled and </span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>cerca</i></span><span style="font-size: medium;"> = tail, along with </span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>subaequalis</i></span><span style="font-size: medium;"> referring to the spicules of different lengths.</span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>SYNONYMS:</b></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Spiroptera</i></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>subaequalis</i></span><span style="font-size: medium;"> Molin, 1860.</span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>HISTORY:</b></span><span style="font-size: medium;"> In 1860, Molin described </span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Spiroptera</i></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>subaequalis</i></span><span style="font-size: medium;"> from specimens collected from cats in South America and Algeria. In 1913, Seurat described specimens from cats in Algeria. In 1922, Vevers created the genus </span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Cylicospirura</i></span><span style="font-size: medium;"> to include specimens recovered from animals in the London Zoo. </span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION:</b></span><span style="font-size: medium;"> Reports of this species in cats have come from India (Alwar and Mudaliar, 1947; Alwar and Lalitha, 1958; Abdul Rahman et al., 1971; Pillai et al., 1981; and Siliban et al., 1996). Molin (1860) had originally described this parasite from cats in South America and Algeria. Seurat (1913) reported on the recovery of this worm from tumors in the stomach of </span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Felis</i></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>ocreata</i></span><span style="font-size: medium;"> in Algeria and from </span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Felis</i></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>concolor</i></span><span style="font-size: medium;"> and </span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Felis</i></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>mellivora</i></span><span style="font-size: medium;"> from Brazil. In 1988, Waid and Pence redescribed </span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Cylicospirura</i></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>subaequalis</i></span><span style="font-size: medium;"> from the America cougar (</span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Felis</i></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>concolor</i></span><span style="font-size: medium;">). </span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>LOCATION IN HOST:</b></span><span style="font-size: medium;"> The adults of </span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Cylicospirura</i></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>subaequalis</i></span><span style="font-size: medium;"> are found in cysts or tumors located in the wall of the fundus of the stomach. Waid and Pence (1988) found that in mountain lions the worms and nodules were mainly in the duodenum near the pyloric sphincter.</span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>PARASITE IDENTIFICATION:</b></span><span style="font-size: medium;"> These are reddish-brown worms. The female is 22 mm long, and the male is 20 mm long. The esophagus is about 20% of the total body length, and the vulva is located slightly anterior to the esophageal-intestinal junction. The spicules in the male are unequal with the left spicule being about 2.5 mm long and the right spcule being about 0.5 mm long. The feature that differentiates </span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Cyclicospirura</i></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>subaequalis</i></span><span style="font-size: medium;"> from the other species of </span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Cyclicospirura</i></span><span style="font-size: medium;"> is the shape of the anterior ends of the longitudinal ribs of the buccal capsule when viewed en face (Clark, 1981). These ribs in the case of </span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Cylicospirura</i></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>subaequalis</i></span><span style="font-size: medium;"> are bifid at their anteriormost projection Females of </span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Cylicospirura</i></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>subaequalis</i></span><span style="font-size: medium;"> can be differentiated from females of </span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Cylicospirura</i></span><span style="font-size: medium;"> felineus by the position of the vulva relative to the esophago-intestinal junction. In </span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Cylicospirura</i></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>subaequalis</i></span><span style="font-size: medium;">, the vulva is located posterior to this junction; in </span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Cylicospirura</i></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>felineus</i></span><span style="font-size: medium;">, it is anteriad to this junction (Waid and Pence, 1988).</span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>LIFE CYCLE: </b></span><span style="font-size: medium;">The life has not been described for any member of this genus. Based on affinities it morphologically related forms, it is postulated that the intermediate host would be an arthropod, probably a beetle. There is also a possibility that vertebrate paratenic hosts are involved in the life cycle.</span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND PATHOGENESIS:</b></span><span style="font-size: medium;"> There have been no reports actually detailing the clinical signs associated with infections with this parasite. The lesions would suggest clinical signs, but they have not yet been described.</span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size: medium;"> Abdul Rahman et al. (1971) described the histopathology associated with a 4 cm nodule from the stomach of a cat in Bangalore, India. A single reddish brown worm was seen grossly protruding from the lesion, and dissection revealed a second worm within the nodule. Histopathology revealed that the nodule represented chronic inflammatory proliferation of connective tissue with suppuration around the contained worms. The lesions in the duodenum of the lions described by Waid and Pence (1988) were typically 1.5 to 2.5 cm in diameter, each with a central opening on the serosal surface. The nodules contained a necrotic cavity surrounded by fibrous encapsulation. The necrotic cavities contained debris, partially calcified remains of nematodes, and intact immature and adult nematodes. </span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>TREATMENT:</b></span><span style="font-size: medium;"> Not reported. </span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>EPIZOOTIOLOGY:</b></span><span style="font-size: medium;"> This parasite is probably found in various wild felids and occasionally makes its way into the domestic cat. In North America, the potential wild hosts include mainly the lynx, bobcat, and puma, and it is unclear to what extent these populations overlap with the majority of domestic cats in the United Stated.</span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>HAZARDS TO OTHER ANIMALS:</b></span><span style="font-size: medium;"> Due to the requirement for an intermediate host, it is unlikely that these parasites would be directly transmitted from one cat to another or directly to other animals they may be living with while infected.</span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>HAZARD TO HUMANS:</b></span><span style="font-size: medium;"> There have been human infections with this parasite reported.</span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>CONTROL/PREVENTION:</b></span><span style="font-size: medium;"> Cats that hunt are likely to be those that become infected.</span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>REFERENCES:</b></span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size: medium;">Abdul Rahman, Hegde KS, Mohiyudeen S, Seshjadri SJ, Rahamathulla PM, Rajasekharan D. 1971. Study of Cylicospirura subaequalis (Molin, 1860) and the histopathology of the nodule in the sromach of the cat. Ind Vet J 48:683-687.</span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size: medium;">Bhalerao GD. 1935. Helminth parasites of domesticated animals in India. Sci Mong 6, Imper Counc Agric Res, Delhi, India</span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size: medium;">Clark WC. 1981. </span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Cylicospirura</i></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>advena</i></span><span style="font-size: medium;"> n. sp. (Nematoda: Spirocercidae) a stomach parasite from a cat in New Zealand, with observations on related speceis. Systematic Parasitol 3:185-191.</span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size: medium;">Molin R. 1860. Una mongragia del genere </span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Spiroptera</i></span><span style="font-size: medium;">. Sitzungsb K Akad Wissensch Wien, Math Naturw CL 38(28)7-38, 1 plate. [not sure might be pages 911-1005, may also be issue 23 rather than issue 28, SORRY].</span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size: medium;">Pillai KM, Pythal C, Sundara RK. 1981. A note on the occurrence of </span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Cylicospirura</i></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>subaequalis</i></span><span style="font-size: medium;"> (Molin, 1860) (Spiruridae: Nematoda) in a jungle kitten (Felis chaus) in Kerala. Kerrala J Vet Sci 12:155-156.</span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size: medium;">Rickard LG, Foreyt WJ. 1992. Gastrointestinal parasites of cougars (</span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Felis</i></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>concolor</i></span><span style="font-size: medium;">) in Washington and the first report of Ollulanus tricuspis in a sylvatic felid from North America. J Wildl Dis 28:130-133.</span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size: medium;">Seurat LG. 1913. Sur deux spiroptères du chat ganté (</span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Felis</i></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>ocreata</i></span><span style="font-size: medium;"> Gmel.). Compt Rend Soc Biol, Paris 74:676-679.</span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size: medium;">Silamban S, Ramachandran KM, Devi TL, Pillai KM. 1996. Histopathology of </span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Cylicospirura</i></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>subaequalis</i></span><span style="font-size: medium;"> induced nodule (Molin, 1860) in the stomach of a cat. J Vet Anim Sci. 27:68-69.</span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size: medium;">Waid DD, Pence DB. 1988. Helminths of moutain lions (</span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Felis</i></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>concolor</i></span><span style="font-size: medium;">) from southwestern Texas, with a redescription of </span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Cylicospirura</i></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>subaequalis</i></span><span style="font-size: medium;"> (Molin, 1860) Vevers, 1922. Can J Zool 66:2110-2117.</span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size: medium;">Vevers GM. 1922. On the parasitic nematoda collected from mammalian hosts which died in the gardens of the Zoological Society of London during the years 1919-1921; with a description of three new genera and three new species. Proc Zool Soc London (1922) part 4:901-919.</span></p> <p align="CENTER"></p>