Revision for “THE TREMATODES” created on June 18, 2014 @ 12:31:00
| Title | THE TREMATODES |
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<p align="CENTER"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>THE TREMATODES</b></span></span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> The trematodes are a group of organisms that are related to the planarian of biology class. The planarian belongs to the free-living form of platyhelminth called the turbellarian. The trematodes differ from their free-living turbellarian relatives in that trematodes are all parasitic and lack the cilia that cover the body surface of the adult turbellarian.</span></span></p>
<span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> There are two kinds of trematodes: monogenetic and digenetic. This terminology refers to whether or not there is development through morphologically dissimilar stages in some type of intermediate host, i.e., whether or not there is an "alternation of generations." The digenetic trematodes undergo a form of development wherein a larval stage develops in a mollusk and the adult develops in a different host. This dissimilar nature of the larval and adult forms caused the larvae and adults to be considered separate entities until the work of Steenstrup in 1842 showed them to be the same animals. This problem of stage identification did not exist for the monogenetic trematodes that look like adults when they hatch from the egg. The monogenetic trematodes are parasites of amphibians, fish, and other hosts, and are only important if their eggs are found in the feces of a cat that has eaten an infected host. A wide variety of digenetic trematodes, on the other hand, commonly infect cats.</span></span>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> The digenetic trematodes undergo their first larval development in a mollusk, typically a snail. The snail is infected with a ciliated stage, the miracidium, that hatches from the egg produced by the adult trematode. In most cases, after the larva develops through one to several stages within the snail, a proliferative stage is reached that produces the cercaria, the stage that ultimately leaves the snail. After leaving the snail, the cercaria may take one of several routes, it may encyst on vegetation, it may encyst in the tissues of a second intermediate host that will ultimately be eaten by the final host, or it may (in the case of schistosomes only) penetrate directly into the final host. Cats typically become infected by either eating an infected host or via the penetration of the skin. Feline feeding habits are such that cats seldom fall prey to the trematodes that utilize vegetation.</span></span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> Digenetic trematodes can be classified in several ways. The "Natural" classification used by taxonomists takes into account many characteristics of biology and morphology to place similar organisms into similar groups. Due to the very large numbers of trematodes, this system unfortunately is often considered cumbersome by practitioners. Another means of classification is the mode of infection for the final host. Thus, the adult trematodes could be listed as those from fish, those from crabs, those from lizards, direct penetration, etc. Again, although useful for epizootiology and prevention, this is not of great use to the practitioner. Thus, the trematodes presented herein are given as to where they are typically found within the body of the final host. At the end of the chapter, a table lists how cats become infected and the geographical distribution of the species discussed in this chapter.</span></span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;">Trematodes of the buccal cavity</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"> CLINOSTOMATIDAE</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Clinostomum</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"><i>falsatum</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"> Ortlepp, 1963</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Clinostomum</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"><i>kalappahi</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"> Bhalerao, 1947</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Clinostomum abdoni</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"> Tubangui and Garcia, 1939\</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;">Trematodes of the intestine</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"> CYATHOCOTYLIDAE</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Mesostephanus</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"><i>milvi</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"> Yamaguti, 1939</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Prohemistomum vivax</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"> (Sonsino, 1893) Azim, 1933</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"> DIPLOSTOMATIDAE</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Alaria</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"><i>marcianae</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"> (LaRue, 1917) Walton, 1949</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Cynodiplostomum</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"><i>azimi</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"> (Gohar, 1933) Dubois, 1936</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Fibricola</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"><i>minor</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"> Dubois, 1936</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Pharyngostomum</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"><i>cordatum</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"> (Diesing, 1850) Ciurea, 1922</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"> ECHINOSTOMATIDAE</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"> Echinochasminae</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Echinochasmus</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"><i>perfoliatus</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"> (Ratz, 1908) Dietz, 1909</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Echinochasmus breviviteilus</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"> Fahmy, Khalifa, Sakla, 1981</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Echinochasmus</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"><i>liliputanus</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"> (Looss, 1896) Odhner, 1911</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Episthmium</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"><i>caninum</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"> (Verma, 1935) Chatterji, 1954</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Stephanoprora</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"><i>denticulatoides</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"> Isaichikoff, 1925</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"> Echinostominae</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Artyfechinostomum</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"><i>sufrartyfex</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"> (Schrank, 1788) Lühe, 1909</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Isthmiophora</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"><i>melis</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"> (Schrank, 1788) Lühe, 1909</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Echinoparyphium</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"> Dietz, 1909</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"> HETEROPHYIDAE</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"> Apophallinae</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Apophallus donicus</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"> (Skrjabin & Lindtrop, 1919) Cameron, 1936</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Apophallus</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"><i>venustus</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"> (Ransom, 1920) Cameron, 1936</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Apophallus</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"><i>muehlingi</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"> (Jägerskiöld, 1899) Lühe, 1909</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"> Ascocotylinae</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Ascocotyle</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"><i>ascolonga</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"> (Witenberg, 1929) Travassos, 1930</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Ascocotyle</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"><i>longicollis</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"> (Kuntz and Chandler, 1956) Sogandares-Bernal and Lumsden, 1963</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Ascocotyle</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"><i>minuta</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"> Looss, 1899</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Ascocotyle</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"><i>angrense</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"> Travassos, 1916</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Ascocotyle</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"><i>longa</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"> Ransom, 1921</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Ascocotyle pachycystis</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"> Schroeder and Leigh, 1965</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Ascocotyle</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"><i>arnoldoi</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"> (Travassos, 1928) Soganderes-Bernal and Lumsden, 1963</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"> Centrocestinae</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Centrocestus</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"><i>caninus</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"> Leiper, 1913</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Pygidiopsis</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"><i>genata</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"> Looss, 1907</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Pygidiopsis</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"><i>summa</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"> Onji and Nishio, 1916</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Pygidiopsoides</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"><i>spindalis</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"> Martin, 1951</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"> Cryptocotylinae</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Cryptocotyle</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"><i>lingua</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"> (Creplin, 1825) Fischoeder, 1903</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Cryptocotyle</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"><i>concavum</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"> (Creplin, 1825) Lühe, 1899</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Cryptocotyle</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"><i>quinqueangularis</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"> (Skrjabin, 1923)</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"> Euryheminthinae</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Euryhelmis</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"><i>squamula</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"> (Rudolphi, 1819) Poche, 1926</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Euryhelmis</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"><i>monorchis</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"> Ameel, 1938</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Euryhelmis</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"><i>pacifica</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"> Senger and Macy, 1952</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"> Galactosominae</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Galactosomum</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"><i>fregatae</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"> Prudhoe, 1949</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"> Haplorchiinae</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Haplorchis</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"><i>pumilio</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"> (Looss, 1896) Looss, 1899</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Haplorchis</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"><i>yokogawai</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"> (Katsuta, 1932) Chen, 1936</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Haplorchis</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"><i>taichui</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"> (Nishigori, 1924) Witenberg, 1930</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Haplorchis</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"><i>sprenti</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"> Pearson, 1964</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Haplorchis</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"><i>parataichui</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"> Pearson, 1964</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Procerovum</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"><i>varium</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"> Onji and Nishio, 1916</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Procerovum</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"><i>calderoni</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"> (Africa and Garcia, 1935) Price, 1940</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Stellantchasmus</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"><i>falcatus</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"> Onji and Nishio, 1916</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"> Heterophyinae</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Heterophyes</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"><i>heterophyes</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"> (Siebold, 1852) Stiles and Hassal, 1900</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Heterophyes</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"><i>aequalis</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"> Looss, 1902</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Heterophyopsis continua </i></span><span style="color: #000000;">(Onji & Nishi, 1916) Tubangui & Africa, 1938</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"> Metagoniminae</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Metagonimus</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"><i>yokogawai</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"> (Katsurada, 1912) Katsurada, 1912</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Metagonimus</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"><i>takahashii</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"> Suzuki, 1930</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Dexiogonimus</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"><i>ciureanus</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"> Witenberg, 1929</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"> Stictodoriinae</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Stictodora</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"><i>sawakinensis</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"> Looss, 1899</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Stictodora thapari</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"> Witenberg, 1953</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"> MICROPHALLIDAE</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Microphalloides vajrasthirae </i></span><span style="color: #000000;">Waikagul, 1983</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"> PLAGIORCHIDAE</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Plagiorchis massino</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"> Petrov & Tikhonov, 1927</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"> NANOPHYETIDAE</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Nanophyetus salmincola</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"> Chapin, 1928</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;">Trematodes of the pancreas</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"> DICROCOELIDAE</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Eurytrema procyonis</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"> Denton, 1942</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;">Trematodes of the gallbladder and bile ducts</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"> DICROCOELIDAE</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Euparadistomum pearsoni</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"> Talbot, 1970</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Euparadistomum</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"><i>buckleyi</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"> Singh, 1958</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Euparadistomum</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"><i>heiwschi</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"> Buckley and Yeh, 1958</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Platynosomum</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"><i>concinnum</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"> (Braun, 1901) Purvis, 1933</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"> OPISTHORCHIDAE</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Amphimerus</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"><i>pseudofelineus</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"> (Ward, 1901) Barker, 1911</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Clonorchis</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"><i>sinensis</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"> (Cobbold, 1875) Looss, 1907</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Opisthorchis</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"><i>felineus</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"> (Rivolta, 1884) Blanchard, 1895</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Opisthorchis</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"><i>viverrini</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"> (Poirier, 1886) Stiles and Hassall, 1896</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Opisthorchis</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"><i>chabaudi</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"> Bourgat and Kulo, 1977</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Paropisthorchis</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"><i>caninus</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"> Stephens, 1912</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Metorchis</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"><i>conjunctus</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"> (Cobbold, 1860) Looss, 1899</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Metorchis</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"><i>albidus</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"> (Braun, 1893) Looss, 1899</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Metorchis</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"><i>orientalis</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"> Tanabe, 1919</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Parametorchis</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"><i>complexum</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"> (Stiles and Hassal, 1894) Skrjabin, 1913</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Pseudamphistomum</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"><i>truncatum</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"> (Rudolphi, 1819) Lühe, 1909</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;">Trematodes of the nasal fossae</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"> ORCHIPEDIDAE</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Orchipedum</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"><i>isostoma</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"> (Rudolphi, 1819)</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"> TROGLOTREMATIDAE</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Troglotrema mustelae</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"> Wallace, 1932</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;">Trematodes of the lungs</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"> TROGLOTREMATIDAE</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Paragonimus</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"><i>westermani</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"> (Kerbert, 1878) Braun, 1899</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Paragonimus</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"><i>pulmonalis</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"> (Baelz, 1880) Miyazaki, 1978</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Paragonimus</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"><i>miyazakii</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"> Kamo, Nishida, Hatsushika, and Tomimura, 1961</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Paragonimus</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"><i>heterotremus</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"> Chen and Hsia, 1964</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Paragonimus</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"><i>siamensis</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"> Miyazaki and Wykoff, 1965</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Paragonimus</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"><i>skrjabini</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"> Chen, 1964</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Paragonimus</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"><i>ohirai</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"> Miyazaki, 1939</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Paragonimus</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"><i>kellicotti</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"> Ward, 1908</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Paragonimus</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"><i>mexicanus</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"> Miyazaki and Ishii, 1968</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Paragonimus</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"><i>inca</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"> Miyazaki, Mazabel, Grados, and Uyema, 1975</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Paragonimus</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"><i>africanus</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"> Voelker and Vogel, 1965</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Paragonimus</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"><i>uterobilateralis</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"> Volker and Vogel, 1965</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;">Trematodes of the blood vessels</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"> SCHISTOSOMATIDAE</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Heterobilharzia</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"><i>americana</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"> Price, 1929</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Ornithobilharzia</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"><i>turkestanica</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"> (Skrjabin, 1913)</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Schistosoma</i></span><span style="color: #000000;"><i>japonicum </i></span><span style="color: #000000;"> (Katsurada, 1904) Stiles, 1905</span></p>
<table border="1" width="712" rules="GROUPS" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="7"><colgroup> <col width="91" /> </colgroup> <colgroup> <col width="193" /> </colgroup> <colgroup> <col width="184" /> </colgroup> <colgroup> <col width="176" /> <col width="4947" /> </colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td colspan="4" width="691">
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><b>Intermediate hosts and geographic distribution of the trematode parasites of the domestic cat.</b></span></p>
</td>
<td width="4947"></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
<tbody>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="91">
<p align="CENTER"><span style="color: #000000;"><b>Family</b></span></p>
</td>
<td width="193">
<p align="CENTER"><span style="color: #000000;"><b>Species</b></span></p>
</td>
<td width="184">
<p align="CENTER"><span style="color: #000000;"><b>Intermediate Host</b></span></p>
</td>
<td colspan="2" width="178">
<p align="CENTER"><span style="color: #000000;"><b>Geographical Distribution</b></span></p>
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<tr valign="TOP">
<td colspan="4" width="691"><span style="color: #000000;">Clinostomatidae</span></td>
<td width="4947"></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="91"></td>
<td width="193"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Clinostomum falsatum</i></span></td>
<td width="184"><span style="color: #000000;">Fresh-water fish</span></td>
<td colspan="2" width="178"><span style="color: #000000;">South Africa</span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="91"></td>
<td width="193"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Clinostomum kalappahi</i></span></td>
<td width="184"><span style="color: #000000;">Fresh-water fish</span></td>
<td colspan="2" width="178"><span style="color: #000000;">India</span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="91"></td>
<td width="193"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Clinostomum abdoni</i></span></td>
<td width="184"><span style="color: #000000;">Fresh-water fish</span></td>
<td colspan="2" width="178"><span style="color: #000000;">Philippines</span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td colspan="4" width="691"><span style="color: #000000;">Cyathocotylidae</span></td>
<td width="4947"></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="91"></td>
<td width="193"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Mesostephanus milvi</i></span></td>
<td width="184"><span style="color: #000000;">Brackish-water fish (?)</span></td>
<td colspan="2" width="178"><span style="color: #000000;">Japan, India, Africa</span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="91"></td>
<td width="193"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Prohemistomum vivax</i></span></td>
<td width="184"><span style="color: #000000;">Brackish & fresh-water fish</span></td>
<td colspan="2" width="178"><span style="color: #000000;">Middle East</span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td colspan="4" width="691"><span style="color: #000000;">Diplostomatidae</span></td>
<td width="4947"></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="91"></td>
<td width="193"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Alaria marcianae</i></span></td>
<td width="184"><span style="color: #000000;">Frogs, paratenic mammals</span></td>
<td colspan="2" width="178"><span style="color: #000000;">N America</span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="91"></td>
<td width="193"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Cynodiplostomum azimi</i></span></td>
<td width="184"><span style="color: #000000;">Frogs (?)</span></td>
<td colspan="2" width="178"><span style="color: #000000;">Middle east</span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="91"></td>
<td width="193"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Fibricola minor</i></span></td>
<td width="184"><span style="color: #000000;">Frogs</span></td>
<td colspan="2" width="178"><span style="color: #000000;">Australia</span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="91"></td>
<td width="193"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Pharyngostomum cordatum</i></span></td>
<td width="184"><span style="color: #000000;">Toads, Reptiles, shrews</span></td>
<td colspan="2" width="178"><span style="color: #000000;">Europe, Africa, China</span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td colspan="4" width="691"><span style="color: #000000;">Echinostomatidae</span></td>
<td width="4947"></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="91"></td>
<td width="193"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Echinochasmus perfoliatus</i></span></td>
<td width="184"><span style="color: #000000;">Fresh-water fish</span></td>
<td colspan="2" width="178"><span style="color: #000000;">Europe, Middle & Far East</span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="91"></td>
<td width="193"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Echinochasmus breviviteilus</i></span></td>
<td width="184"><span style="color: #000000;">Fresh-water fish (?)</span></td>
<td colspan="2" width="178"><span style="color: #000000;">Middle east</span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="91"></td>
<td width="193"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Echinochasmus liliputanus</i></span></td>
<td width="184"><span style="color: #000000;">Fresh-water fish (?)</span></td>
<td colspan="2" width="178"><span style="color: #000000;">Middle east</span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="91"></td>
<td width="193"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Episthmium caninum</i></span></td>
<td width="184"><span style="color: #000000;">Fresh-water fish (?)</span></td>
<td colspan="2" width="178"><span style="color: #000000;">India</span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="91"></td>
<td width="193"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Stephanoprora denticulatoides</i></span></td>
<td width="184"><span style="color: #000000;">Fresh-water fish (?)</span></td>
<td colspan="2" width="178"><span style="color: #000000;">Europe</span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="91"></td>
<td width="193"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Artyfechinostomum sufrartyfex</i></span></td>
<td width="184"><span style="color: #000000;">Snail, frogs</span></td>
<td colspan="2" width="178"><span style="color: #000000;">India</span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="91"></td>
<td width="193"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Isthmiophora melis</i></span></td>
<td width="184"><span style="color: #000000;">Frogs</span></td>
<td colspan="2" width="178"><span style="color: #000000;">N America</span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="91"></td>
<td width="193"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Echinoparyphium</i></span></td>
<td width="184"><span style="color: #000000;">Frogs</span></td>
<td colspan="2" width="178"><span style="color: #000000;">Tasmania</span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td colspan="4" width="691"><span style="color: #000000;">Heterophyidae</span></td>
<td width="4947"></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="91"></td>
<td width="193"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Apophallus donicus</i></span></td>
<td width="184"><span style="color: #000000;">Fresh-water fish</span></td>
<td colspan="2" width="178"><span style="color: #000000;">Europe</span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="91"></td>
<td width="193"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Apophallus venustus</i></span></td>
<td width="184"><span style="color: #000000;">Fresh-water fish</span></td>
<td colspan="2" width="178"><span style="color: #000000;">N America</span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="91"></td>
<td width="193"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Apophallus muehlingi</i></span></td>
<td width="184"><span style="color: #000000;">Brackish-water fish (?)</span></td>
<td colspan="2" width="178"><span style="color: #000000;">Europe</span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="91"></td>
<td width="193"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Ascocotyle ascolonga</i></span></td>
<td width="184"><span style="color: #000000;">Brackish-water fish</span></td>
<td colspan="2" width="178"><span style="color: #000000;">Middle East</span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="91"></td>
<td width="193"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Ascocotyle longicollis</i></span></td>
<td width="184"><span style="color: #000000;">Brackish-Water fish</span></td>
<td colspan="2" width="178"><span style="color: #000000;">Middle East</span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="91"></td>
<td width="193"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Ascocotyle minuta</i></span></td>
<td width="184"><span style="color: #000000;">Brackish-water fish (?)</span></td>
<td colspan="2" width="178"><span style="color: #000000;">Middle East</span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="91"></td>
<td width="193"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Ascocotyle angrense</i></span></td>
<td width="184"><span style="color: #000000;">Fresh-water fish</span></td>
<td colspan="2" width="178"><span style="color: #000000;">Brazil</span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="91"></td>
<td width="193"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Ascocotyle longa</i></span></td>
<td width="184"><span style="color: #000000;">Brackish-water fish</span></td>
<td colspan="2" width="178"><span style="color: #000000;">Americas</span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="91"></td>
<td width="193"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Ascocotyle pachycystis</i></span></td>
<td width="184"><span style="color: #000000;">Brackish-water fish</span></td>
<td colspan="2" width="178"><span style="color: #000000;">N America</span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="91"></td>
<td width="193"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Ascocotyle arnoldoi</i></span></td>
<td width="184"><span style="color: #000000;">Brackish-water fish</span></td>
<td colspan="2" width="178"><span style="color: #000000;">S America</span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="91"></td>
<td width="193"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Centrocestus caninus</i></span></td>
<td width="184"><span style="color: #000000;">Fresh-water fish</span></td>
<td colspan="2" width="178"><span style="color: #000000;">Taiwan</span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="91"></td>
<td width="193"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Pygidiopsis genata</i></span></td>
<td width="184"><span style="color: #000000;">Brackish-water fish</span></td>
<td colspan="2" width="178"><span style="color: #000000;">Europe, Middle East, Asia</span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="91"></td>
<td width="193"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Pygidiopsis summa</i></span></td>
<td width="184"><span style="color: #000000;">Brackish-water fish (?)</span></td>
<td colspan="2" width="178"><span style="color: #000000;">Asia</span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="91"></td>
<td width="193"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Pygidiopsoides spindalis</i></span></td>
<td width="184"><span style="color: #000000;">Brackish-water fish</span></td>
<td colspan="2" width="178"><span style="color: #000000;">N America</span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="91"></td>
<td width="193"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Cryptocotyle lingua</i></span></td>
<td width="184"><span style="color: #000000;">Salt-water fish</span></td>
<td colspan="2" width="178"><span style="color: #000000;">N America</span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="91"></td>
<td width="193"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Cryptocotyle concavum</i></span></td>
<td width="184"><span style="color: #000000;">Brackish-water fish (?)</span></td>
<td colspan="2" width="178"><span style="color: #000000;">Russia</span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="91"></td>
<td width="193"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Cryptocotyle quinqueangularis</i></span></td>
<td width="184"><span style="color: #000000;">Brackish-water fish</span></td>
<td colspan="2" width="178"><span style="color: #000000;">Europe, N Africa, N America</span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="91"></td>
<td width="193"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Euryhelmis squamula</i></span></td>
<td width="184"><span style="color: #000000;">Newt, Toads</span></td>
<td colspan="2" width="178"><span style="color: #000000;">Europe, N America</span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="91"></td>
<td width="193"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Euryhelmis monorchis</i></span></td>
<td width="184"><span style="color: #000000;">Frogs</span></td>
<td colspan="2" width="178"><span style="color: #000000;">N America</span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="91"></td>
<td width="193"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Euryhelmis pacifica</i></span></td>
<td width="184"><span style="color: #000000;">Salamanders</span></td>
<td colspan="2" width="178"><span style="color: #000000;">N America</span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="91"></td>
<td width="193"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Galactosomum fregatae</i></span></td>
<td width="184"><span style="color: #000000;">Brackish-water fish</span></td>
<td colspan="2" width="178"><span style="color: #000000;">W Indies, India</span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="91"></td>
<td width="193"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Haplorchis pumilio</i></span></td>
<td width="184"><span style="color: #000000;">Fresh-water fish</span></td>
<td colspan="2" width="178"><span style="color: #000000;">Middle East, Asia, Australia</span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="91"></td>
<td width="193"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Haplorchis yokogawai</i></span></td>
<td width="184"><span style="color: #000000;">Brackish-water fish</span></td>
<td colspan="2" width="178"><span style="color: #000000;">Middle East, Asia</span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="91"></td>
<td width="193"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Haplorchis taichui</i></span></td>
<td width="184"><span style="color: #000000;">Brackish-water fish</span></td>
<td colspan="2" width="178"><span style="color: #000000;">Middle East, Asia</span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="91"></td>
<td width="193"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Haplorchis sprenti</i></span></td>
<td width="184"><span style="color: #000000;">Brackish-water fish</span></td>
<td colspan="2" width="178"><span style="color: #000000;">Australia</span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="91"></td>
<td width="193"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Haplorchis parataichui</i></span></td>
<td width="184"><span style="color: #000000;">Fresh-water fish</span></td>
<td colspan="2" width="178"><span style="color: #000000;">Australia</span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="91"></td>
<td width="193"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Procerovum varium</i></span></td>
<td width="184"><span style="color: #000000;">Brackish-water fish</span></td>
<td colspan="2" width="178"><span style="color: #000000;">Australia</span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="91"></td>
<td width="193"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Procerovum calderoni</i></span></td>
<td width="184"><span style="color: #000000;">Brackish-water fish</span></td>
<td colspan="2" width="178"><span style="color: #000000;">Philippines</span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="91"></td>
<td width="193"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Stellantchasmus falcatus</i></span></td>
<td width="184"><span style="color: #000000;">Brackish & fresh-water fish</span></td>
<td colspan="2" width="178"><span style="color: #000000;">M East, Asia, Australia, Hawaii</span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="91"></td>
<td width="193"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Heterophyes heterophyes</i></span></td>
<td width="184"><span style="color: #000000;">Brackish-water fish</span></td>
<td colspan="2" width="178"><span style="color: #000000;">Mediterranean, India, Japan</span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="91"></td>
<td width="193"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Heterophyes aequalis</i></span></td>
<td width="184"><span style="color: #000000;">Salt, brackish, & fresh-water fish</span></td>
<td colspan="2" width="178"><span style="color: #000000;">Middle East</span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="91"></td>
<td width="193"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Heterophyopsis continua</i></span></td>
<td width="184"><span style="color: #000000;">Brackish-water fish</span></td>
<td colspan="2" width="178"><span style="color: #000000;">Japan, Korea</span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="91"></td>
<td width="193"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Metagonimus yokogawai</i></span></td>
<td width="184"><span style="color: #000000;">Fresh-water fish</span></td>
<td colspan="2" width="178"><span style="color: #000000;">Asia, Spain, Balkans</span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="91"></td>
<td width="193"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Metagonimus takahashii</i></span></td>
<td width="184"><span style="color: #000000;">Fresh-water fish</span></td>
<td colspan="2" width="178"><span style="color: #000000;">Asia</span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="91"></td>
<td width="193"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Dexiogonimus ciureanus</i></span></td>
<td width="184"><span style="color: #000000;">Brackish-water fish (?)</span></td>
<td colspan="2" width="178"><span style="color: #000000;">Middle East</span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="91"></td>
<td width="193"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Stictodora sawakinensis</i></span></td>
<td width="184"><span style="color: #000000;">Brackish-water fish (?)</span></td>
<td colspan="2" width="178"><span style="color: #000000;">Middle East</span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="91"></td>
<td width="193"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Stictodora thapari</i></span></td>
<td width="184"><span style="color: #000000;">Brackish-water fish (?)</span></td>
<td colspan="2" width="178"><span style="color: #000000;">Middle East</span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td colspan="4" width="691"><span style="color: #000000;">Microphallidae</span></td>
<td width="4947"></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
<tbody>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="91"></td>
<td width="193"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Microphalloides vajrasthirae</i></span></td>
<td width="184"><span style="color: #000000;">Crab</span></td>
<td colspan="2" width="178"><span style="color: #000000;">Thailand</span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td colspan="4" width="691"><span style="color: #000000;">Plagiorchidae</span></td>
<td width="4947"></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
<tbody>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="91"></td>
<td width="193"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Plagiorchis massino</i></span></td>
<td width="184"><span style="color: #000000;">Snail (?)</span></td>
<td colspan="2" width="178"><span style="color: #000000;">Eurasia, Canada</span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td colspan="4" width="691"><span style="color: #000000;">Nanophyetidae</span></td>
<td width="4947"></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
<tbody>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="91"></td>
<td width="193"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Nanophyetus salmincola</i></span></td>
<td width="184"><span style="color: #000000;">Fresh-water fish</span></td>
<td colspan="2" width="178"><span style="color: #000000;">Northern Pacific coast</span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td colspan="4" width="691"><span style="color: #000000;">Dicrocoelidae</span></td>
<td width="4947"></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="91"></td>
<td width="193"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Eurytrema procyonis</i></span></td>
<td width="184"><span style="color: #000000;">Arthropod (?)</span></td>
<td colspan="2" width="178"><span style="color: #000000;">N America</span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="91"></td>
<td width="193"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Euparadistomum pearsoni</i></span></td>
<td width="184"><span style="color: #000000;">Arthropod (?)</span></td>
<td colspan="2" width="178"><span style="color: #000000;">New Guinea</span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="91"></td>
<td width="193"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Euparadistomum buckleyi</i></span></td>
<td width="184"><span style="color: #000000;">Arthropod (?)</span></td>
<td colspan="2" width="178"><span style="color: #000000;">Siberia, Europe</span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="91"></td>
<td width="193"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Euparadistomum heiwschi</i></span></td>
<td width="184"><span style="color: #000000;">Arthropod (?)</span></td>
<td colspan="2" width="178"><span style="color: #000000;">Africa</span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="91"></td>
<td width="193"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Platynosomum concinnum</i></span></td>
<td width="184"><span style="color: #000000;">Lizards, frogs, toads</span></td>
<td colspan="2" width="178"><span style="color: #000000;">S. Pacific, W. Africa, Caribbean</span></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
<tbody>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="91"><span style="color: #000000;">Opisthorchidae</span></td>
<td width="193"></td>
<td width="184"></td>
<td colspan="2" width="178"></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="91"></td>
<td width="193"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Amphimerus pseudofelineus</i></span></td>
<td width="184"><span style="color: #000000;">Fresh-water fish</span></td>
<td colspan="2" width="178"><span style="color: #000000;">Americas</span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="91"></td>
<td width="193"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Clonorchis sinensis</i></span></td>
<td width="184"><span style="color: #000000;">Fresh-water fish</span></td>
<td colspan="2" width="178"><span style="color: #000000;">Asia</span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="91"></td>
<td width="193"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Opisthorchis felineus</i></span></td>
<td width="184"><span style="color: #000000;">Fresh-water fish</span></td>
<td colspan="2" width="178"><span style="color: #000000;">Siberia, Europe</span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="91"></td>
<td width="193"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Opisthorchis viverrini</i></span></td>
<td width="184"><span style="color: #000000;">Fresh-water fish</span></td>
<td colspan="2" width="178"><span style="color: #000000;">Thailand</span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="91"></td>
<td width="193"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Opisthorchis chabaudi</i></span></td>
<td width="184"><span style="color: #000000;">Frogs</span></td>
<td colspan="2" width="178"><span style="color: #000000;">Africa</span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="91"></td>
<td width="193"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Paropisthorchis caninus</i></span></td>
<td width="184"><span style="color: #000000;">Fresh-water fish (?)</span></td>
<td colspan="2" width="178"><span style="color: #000000;">India</span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="91"></td>
<td width="193"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Metorchis conjunctus</i></span></td>
<td width="184"><span style="color: #000000;">Fresh-water fish</span></td>
<td colspan="2" width="178"><span style="color: #000000;">N America</span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="91"></td>
<td width="193"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Metorchis albidus</i></span></td>
<td width="184"><span style="color: #000000;">Fresh-water fish</span></td>
<td colspan="2" width="178"><span style="color: #000000;">Europe</span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="91"></td>
<td width="193"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Metorchis orientalis</i></span></td>
<td width="184"><span style="color: #000000;">Fresh-water fish</span></td>
<td colspan="2" width="178"><span style="color: #000000;">Asia</span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="91"></td>
<td width="193"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Parametorchis complexum</i></span></td>
<td width="184"><span style="color: #000000;">Fresh-water fish</span></td>
<td colspan="2" width="178"><span style="color: #000000;">N America</span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="91"></td>
<td width="193"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Pseudamphistomum truncatum</i></span></td>
<td width="184"><span style="color: #000000;">Fresh-water fish (?)</span></td>
<td colspan="2" width="178"><span style="color: #000000;">Europe, India</span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td colspan="4" width="691"><span style="color: #000000;">Orchipedidae</span></td>
<td width="4947"></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
<tbody>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="91"></td>
<td width="193"><span style="color: #000000;"><i>Orchipedum isostoma</i></span></td>
<td width="184"><span style="color: #000000;">Crabs</span></td>
<td colspan="2" width="178"><span style="color: #000000;">Africa</span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td colspan="4" width="691"><span style="color: #000000;">Troglotrematidae</span></td>
<td width="4947"></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="91"></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<span style="color: #000000;"><i>Troglotrema mustelae</i></span><span style="color: #000000;">Fresh-water fish</span><span style="color: #000000;">N America</span> <span style="color: #000000;"><i>Paragonimus westermani</i></span><span style="color: #000000;">Fresh-water crabs</span><span style="color: #000000;">Asia</span> <span style="color: #000000;"><i>Paragonimus pulmonalis</i></span><span style="color: #000000;">Fresh-water crabs & crayfish</span><span style="color: #000000;">Japan, Korea, Taiwan</span> <span style="color: #000000;"><i>Paragonimus miyazakii</i></span><span style="color: #000000;">Fresh-water crabs</span><span style="color: #000000;">Japan</span> <span style="color: #000000;"><i>Paragonimus heterotremus</i></span><span style="color: #000000;">Fresh-water crabs</span><span style="color: #000000;">China</span> <span style="color: #000000;"><i>Paragonimus siamensis</i></span><span style="color: #000000;">Fresh-water crabs</span><span style="color: #000000;">Thailand</span> <span style="color: #000000;"><i>Paragonimus skrjabini</i></span><span style="color: #000000;">Fresh-water crabs</span><span style="color: #000000;">China</span> <span style="color: #000000;"><i>Paragonimus ohirai</i></span><span style="color: #000000;">Brackish-water crabs</span><span style="color: #000000;">Asia</span> <span style="color: #000000;"><i>Paragonimus kellicotti</i></span><span style="color: #000000;">Fresh-water crayfish</span><span style="color: #000000;">N America</span> <span style="color: #000000;"><i>Paragonimus mexicanus</i></span><span style="color: #000000;">Fresh-water crabs</span><span style="color: #000000;">Mexico, C & S America</span> <span style="color: #000000;"><i>Paragonimus inca</i></span><span style="color: #000000;">Fresh-water crabs</span><span style="color: #000000;">Peru</span> <span style="color: #000000;"><i>Paragonimus africanus</i></span><span style="color: #000000;">Fresh-water crabs</span><span style="color: #000000;">Africa</span> <span style="color: #000000;"><i>Paragonimus uterobilateralis</i></span><span style="color: #000000;">Fresh-water crabs</span><span style="color: #000000;">Africa</span><span style="color: #000000;">Schistosomatidae</span> <span style="color: #000000;"><i>Heterobilharzia americana</i></span><span style="color: #000000;">Skin penetration</span><span style="color: #000000;">N America</span> <span style="color: #000000;"><i>Ornithobilharzia turkestanica</i></span><span style="color: #000000;">Skin penetration</span><span style="color: #000000;">Eurasia</span> <span style="color: #000000;"><i>Schistosoma japonicum</i></span><span style="color: #000000;">Skin penetration</span><span style="color: #000000;">Asia</span>
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