Mesostephanus milvi

Mesostephanus milvi

<p align="CENTER"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><b>Mesostephanus milvi</b></i></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b> Yamaguti, 1939</b></span></span></p> <p align="CENTER"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>(Fig. 2.2)</b></span></span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>ETYMOLOGY:</b></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Meso</i></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> (middle) + </span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>stephanus</i></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> (crown) [referring to the organization of the vitellaria in the middle of the body] and </span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>milvi</i></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> for the generic name of the kite, </span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Milvus</i></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>migrans</i></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;">, host from which it was originally described.</span></span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>SYNONYMS:</b></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Prohemistomum milvi</i></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> (Yamaguti, 1939) Dubois, 1951; </span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Mesostephanus</i></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>indicus</i></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> Vidyarthi, 1948; </span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Gelanocotyle</i></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>milvi</i></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> (Yamaguti, 1939) Sudarikov, 1961.</span></span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>HISTORY:</b></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> This species was first described from worms collected from a kite, </span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Milvus</i></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>migrans</i></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>lineatus</i></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;">, in Japan. Specimens were recovered from two cats from the Daqahliya province of Egypt (Dubois and Pearson, 1963) and again in 4 cats of the Assiut province by Fahmy </span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>et al</i></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;">. (1984). </span></span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION:</b></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> Japan, India, Africa - Although it has only been reported from cats in Egypt.</span></span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>LOCATION IN HOST:</b></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> Small intestine.</span></span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>PARASITE IDENTIFICATION:</b></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> These are very small trematodes that are 1.5 to 2 mm long and about twice as long as they are wide. The small oral sucker, about 100 µm in diameter, is similar in size to the ventral sucker. The ventral sucker is located at midbody, and just behind the ventral sucker is the circular tribocytic organ that is about one-third of the body's width. The sexual organs are located posterior to the ventral sucker, and there is a small elongation of the posterior end of the body.</span></span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> The oval eggs are large, yellowish brown, operculate, 100 µm long by 60 to 70 µm wide, and not embryonated when they leave the fluke (The eggs are embryonated according to Fahmy </span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>et al</i></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;">., 1984.)</span></span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>LIFE CYCLE:</b></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> The life cycle of </span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Mesostephanus</i></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>milvi</i></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> has not been elucidated. The life cycle of another Cyathocotylids, </span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Prohemistomum vivax</i></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> has been investigated (See below).</span></span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND PATHOGENESIS:</b></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> Asymptomatic.</span></span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>TREATMENT:</b></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> Probably praziquantel, but not reported.</span></span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>EPIZOOTIOLOGY:</b></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> Cats become infected by eating fish containing the metacercariae. The flukes are capable of developing to the adult stage in a few days.</span></span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>HAZARD TO OTHER ANIMALS:</b></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> None.</span></span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>HAZARD TO HUMANS:</b></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> None.</span></span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>CONTROL/PREVENTION: </b></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> Prevent cats from eating raw fish.</span></span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>REFERENCES:</b></span></span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Dubois G, Pearson JC. 1963. Les Strigeida (Trematoda) d’Egypte (Collection William H. Walls). Ann Parasitol 38:77-91.</span></span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Fahmy MA, Arafa MS, Khalifa R, Abdel-Rahman AM, Mounib ME. 1984. Studies on helminth parasites in some small mammals in Assiut Governorate. 1. Trematode Parasites. Assiut Vet Med J. 11:43-52.</span></span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Figure 2-2.</b></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Mesostephanus</i></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>milvi</i></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> recovered from a cat in Egypt.</span></span></p>