Prohemistomum vivax

Prohemistomum vivax

<p align="CENTER"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: large;"><i><b>Prohemistomum vivax</b></i></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b> (Sonsino, 1893) Azim, 1933</b></span></span></p> <p align="CENTER"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: large;">(Fig. 2-3)</span></span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>ETYMOLOGY:</b></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Pro</i></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> (anterior) + </span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>hemi</i></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> (half) + </span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>stomum</i></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> (mouth) and </span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>vivax</i></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> (lively).</span></span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>SYNONYMS:</b></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Prohemistomum spinulosum</i></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> Odhner, 1913.</span></span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>HISTORY:</b></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> This species was first described from worms collected from a kite, </span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Milvus</i></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>migrans</i></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>aegypticus</i></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;">.</span></span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION:</b></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> Egypt (Abo-Shady </span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>et al</i></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;">.; 1983 Fahmy </span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>et al</i></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;">., 1984 found this parasite in 19 of 29 stray cats.) and Israel (Witenberg, 1934).</span></span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>LOCATION IN HOST:</b></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> Small intestine.</span></span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>PARASITE IDENTIFICATION:</b></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> These are very small trematodes that are about 1 mm in length. They differ from </span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Mesostephanus</i></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> in that the overall body shape is oval rather than elongate.</span></span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>LIFE CYCLE:</b></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> The life cycle of </span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Prohemistomum vivax</i></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> was initially elucidated by Azim (1933) under the synonym </span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Prohemistomum spinulosum</i></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;">. Azim found that brackish and fresh-water fishes (</span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Gambusia affinis</i></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> and </span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Tilapia nilotica</i></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;">) could serve as the second intermediate host. More recently, El-Naffar </span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>et al</i></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;">., (1985) showed that the metacercaria of this fluke is found in the muscles of several fish genera, including </span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Tilapia</i></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;">, </span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Hydrocyon</i></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;">, </span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Alestes</i></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;">, </span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Schibe</i></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;">, and </span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Eutropius</i></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;">. The adult parasites were recovered from the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum of kittens about 6 days after they were fed the metacercariae harvested from fish in Lake Nasser, Egypt. Work with the related species </span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Prohemistomum chandleri</i></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> has disclosed that the metacercaria contain some reproductive structures and appears to require only a few days to develop to the adult stage after a fish is eaten by a final host (Vernberg, 1952).</span></span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND PATHOGENESIS:</b></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> Asymptomatic.</span></span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>TREATMENT:</b></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> Probably praziquantel but not reported.</span></span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>EPIZOOTIOLOGY:</b></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> Cats become infected by eating fish containing the metacercariae. The flukes are capable of developing to the adult stage in a few days.</span></span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>HAZARD TO OTHER ANIMALS:</b></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> None.</span></span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>HAZARD TO HUMANS: </b></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;">None.</span></span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>CONTROL/PREVENTION:</b></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> Prevent cats from eating raw fish.</span></span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>REFERENCES:</b></span></span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Abo-Shady AF, Ali MM, Abdel-Magied S. 1983. Helminth parasites of cats in Dakahlia, Egypt. J Egypt Soc Parasitol 13:129-133.</span></span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Azim MA. 1933. On </span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Prohemistomum</i></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>vivax</i></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> (Sonsino, 1892) and its development from cercaria vivax Sonsino, 1892. Ztschr Parasitenk 5:432-436.</span></span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;">El-Naffar MK, Saoud MF, Hassan IM. 1985. Role played by fish in transmitting some trematodes of dogs and cats at Asswan Province, A.R. Egypt. Assiut Vet Med J 14:57-67.</span></span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Fahmy MA, Arafa MS, Khalifa R, Abdel-Rahman AM, Mounib ME. 1984. Studies on helminth parasites in some small mammals in Assiut Governorate. 1. Trematode Parasites. Assiut Vet Med J 11:43-52.</span></span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Vernberg WG. 1952. Studies on the trematode family Cyathocotylidae Poche, 1926, with the description of a new species of </span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Holostephanus</i></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> from fish and the life history of </span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Prohemistomum</i></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>chandleri</i></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> sp. nov. J Parasitol 38:327-340.</span></span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Witenberg G. 1934. Parasitic worms of dogs and cats in Palestine. Vet Rec 14:232-239.</span></span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Figure 2-3.</b></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Prohemistomum</i></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>vivax</i></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> recovered from a cat in Egypt.</span></span></p>