Stephanoprora denticulatoides

Stephanoprora denticulatoides

<p align="CENTER"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: large;"><i><b>Stephanoprora denticulatoides</b></i></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b> Isaichikoff, 1925</b></span></span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>ETYMOLOGY:</b></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Stephano</i></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> (= crown) + </span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>prora</i></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> (forward) and </span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>denticulatoides</i></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> (like </span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>denticulata</i></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;">, another species of </span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Stephanoprora</i></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> described from European birds).</span></span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>SYNONYMS:</b></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> Beaver (1937) considered </span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Stephanoprora denticulatoides</i></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> a synonym of </span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Stephanoprora</i></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>polycesta</i></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;">. Kuntz and Chandler (1956) redescribed the parasite based on worms recovered from cats in Egypt.</span></span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>HISTORY:</b></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> This worm was originally described from dogs in the Crimea (Isaichikoff, 1925). The only report from cats is that of Kuntz and Chandler (1956).</span></span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION:</b></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> Crimea and the Mediterranean coast of Egypt.</span></span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>LOCATION IN HOST:</b></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> Small intestine.</span></span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>PARASITE IDENTIFICATION:</b></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> This worm is elongate in shape, measuring 0.75 to 1.2 mm in length and being about 10 times longer than wide. The genus </span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Stephanoprora</i></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> is very similar to </span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Echinochasmus</i></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> (see above), and is considered by some to be a subgenus within </span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Echinochasmus</i></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> (Chatterji, 1954). This parasite differs from </span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Echinochasmus</i></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> in that the vitellaria of </span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Stephanoprora</i></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> are restricted to the posterior part of the body. Thus, species of </span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Episthmium</i></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> have anteriorly extending vitellaria, species of </span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Echinochasmus</i></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> have vitellaria that extend to the level of the ventral sucker, and species of </span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Stephanoprora</i></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> have vitellaria restricted to the posterior of the body.</span></span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> The eggs are 100 to 110 µm long by 60 to 67 µm in width. </span></span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>LIFE CYCLE:</b></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> The life cycle, although not known, is probably similar to that of </span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Echinochasmus</i></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;">.</span></span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND PATHOGENESIS:</b></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> Thought to be asymptomatic.</span></span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>TREATMENT:</b></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> Probably praziquantel, but not reported.</span></span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>EPIZOOTIOLOGY:</b></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> Cats become infected by eating raw fish.</span></span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>HAZARD TO OTHER ANIMALS:</b></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> None. Although other hosts are infected, the major means of infection is through the ingestion of the fish intermediate host which requires that the appropriate snail also be available. Thus, infection of these other hosts will typically only occur in the wild.</span></span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>HAZARD TO HUMANS:</b></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> None.</span></span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>CONTROL/PREVENTION:</b></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> Prevention of the ingestion of raw fish.</span></span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>REFERENCES:</b></span></span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Beaver PC. 1937. Notes on </span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Stephanoprora</i></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>polycestus</i></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> (Dietz) from the American crow. Trans Ill State Acad Sci 29:247-250.</span></span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Isaichikoff IM. 1925. Parasitic worms of domestic carnivores in Crimea. Uchen Trudy Sibirsk Vet 6:47-104.</span></span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Kuntz RE, Chandler AC. 1956. Studies on Egyptian trematodes with special reference to the Heterophyids of mammals. I. Adult flukes, with descriptions of </span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Phagicola</i></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>longicollis</i></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> n. sp., </span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Cynodiplostomum</i></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>namrui</i></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> n.sp., and a </span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Stephanoprora</i></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> from cats. J Parasitol. 42:445-459.</span></span></p>