Centrocestus caninus

Centrocestus caninus

<p align="CENTER"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: large;"><i><b>Centrocestus caninus</b></i></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b> Leiper, 1913</b></span></span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>ETYMOLOGY:</b></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Centro</i></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> (spined) + </span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>cestus</i></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> (girdle) [for a ring of small spines around the oral opening] and </span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>caninus </i></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;">for the canine host</span></span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>SYNONYMS:</b></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Centrocestus cuspidatus</i></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> Leiper, 1913; </span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Stephanopirumus longus</i></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> Onji and Nishio, 1916; </span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Stamnosoma formosanum</i></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> Nishigori, 1924; </span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Centrocestus yokogawai</i></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> Kobayasi, 1942.</span></span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>HISTORY:</b></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> This parasite was first described by Leiper from a dog in Taiwan (Leiper, 1913).</span></span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION:</b></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> This parasite has been reported from Egypt, the islands of Taiwan and Hainan, and from Malaysia (Chen, 1941, and Rohde, 1962).</span></span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>LOCATION IN HOST:</b></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> Small intestine.</span></span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>PARASITE IDENTIFICATION:</b></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> This small worm has two rows of spines (a total of 30 to 36 spines) on the oral sucker. The testes are terminal and the vitellaria do not extend into the middle of the body.</span></span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> The eggs are 33 µm long by 16 to 17 µm in width; the eggs are relatively thin shelled and bear minute spines.</span></span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>LIFE CYCLE:</b></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> The life cycle has been examined by Nishigori (1924) and Chen (1941). The miracidia develop in snails of the genus </span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Semisulcospira</i></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;">, and the simple-tailed cercariae with eyespots encyst in the gills of various fresh-water fishes, including </span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Macropodus opervularis</i></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;">, </span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Puntius semifasciolatus</i></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;">, </span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Carassius auratus</i></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;">, and </span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Misgurnus anguillicaudatus</i></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;">, and in the stomach wall and muscle of frogs, </span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Rana limnocharis</i></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> and toads, </span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Bufo melanostictus</i></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;">. When cats were experimentally infected, eggs were present 11 to 17 days after the cats were fed metacercariae.</span></span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND PATHOGENESIS:</b></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> Thought to be asymptomatic.</span></span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>TREATMENT:</b></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> Probably praziquantel, but not reported.</span></span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>EPIZOOTIOLOGY:</b></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> Cats become infected by eating raw fish or frogs. Animals other than the cat that have been shown to serve as hosts of the adult fluke include the various herons and egrets. Man and dogs have been experimentally infected through the feeding of infected fish.</span></span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>HAZARD TO OTHER ANIMALS:</b></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> None. Although other hosts are infected, the major means of infection is through the ingestion of the fish intermediate host which requires that the appropriate snail also be available. Thus, infection of these other hosts will typically only occur in the wild.</span></span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>HAZARD TO HUMANS:</b></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> Humans have been experimentally infected by feeding them fish containing the metacercarial stage of this parasite.</span></span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>CONTROL/PREVENTION:</b></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> Prevention of the ingestion of raw fish.</span></span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>REFERENCES:</b></span></span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Chen HT. 1941. The metacercaria and adult of </span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Centrocestus</i></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>formosanus</i></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> (Nishigori, 1924), with notes on the natural infection of rats and cats with </span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>C</i></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;">. </span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>armatus</i></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> (Tanabe, 1922). J Parasitol 28:285-298.</span></span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Leiper RT. 1913. Seven helminthologial notes. J Lond School Trop Med 2:175-178.</span></span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Nishigori M. 1924. On a new species of fluke, </span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Stamnosoma</i></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>formosanum</i></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;">, and its life history. Taiwan Igakkai Zasshi 234:181-238.</span></span></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Rohde K. 1962. Helminthen aus Katzen und Hunden in Malaya; Bemerkungen zu ihrer epidemiologischen Bedeutung für den Menschen. Z Parasitenk 22:237-244.</span></span></p>